In this chapter you will be able to:

• State the distinguishing properties of solids, liquids, and gases

• Describe the structure of solids, liquids, and gases in terms of particle separation, arrangement, and types of motion

• Describe changes of state in terms of melting, boiling, evaporation, freezing, condensation and sublimation

• Describe qualitatively the pressure and temperature of a gas in terms of the motion of its particles

• Show an understanding of the random motion of particles in a suspension (sometimes known as Brownian motion) as evidence for the kinetic particle (atoms, molecules or ions) model of matter

• Describe and explain diffusion

• Describe and explain methods of purification by the use of a suitable solvent, filtration, crystallization and distillation (including use of a fractionating column)

• Suggest suitable purification techniques, given information about the substances involved

• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of paper chromatography

• Interpret simple chromatograms

• Interpret simple chromatograms, including the use of Rf values

• Identify substances and assess their purity from melting point and boiling point information

• Understand the importance of purity in substances in everyday life

• Define an element and a compound

• Describe the differences between elements, mixtures, and compounds

• Identify physical and chemical changes, and understand the differences between them

• Explain changes of state in terms of the kinetic theory

• Describe and explain Brownian motion in terms of random molecular bombardment

• Describe and explain the dependence of the rate of diffusion on molecular mass

• Define proton number (atomic number) as the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

• Define nucleon number (mass number) as the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

• Define isotopes as atoms of the same element which have the same proton number but a different nucleon number

• Understand that isotopes have the same properties because they have the same number of electrons in their outer shell

• State the relative charges and approximate relative masses of protons, neutrons, and electrons

• State one medical and one industrial use of radioactive isotopes

• Use proton number and the simple structure of atoms to explain the basis of Periodic Table, with special reference to the elements of proton number 1 to 20