In this chapter, you should be able to:

• State the basic assumptions of the kinetic theory as applied to an ideal gas
• Explain qualitatively in terms of intermolecular forces and molecular size: (i) the conditions necessary for a gas to approach ideal behaviour (ii) the limitations of ideality at very high pressures and very low temperatures
• State and use the general gas equation pV = nRT in calculations, including the determination of Mr
• Describe, using a kinetic-molecular model, the liquid state, melting, vaporisation, vapour pressure
• Describe, in simple terms, the lattice structure of a crystalline solid which is: (i) ionic, as in sodium chloride, magnesium oxide (ii) simple molecular, as in iodine and the fullerene allotropes of carbon (iii) giant molecular, as in silicon(IV) oxide and the graphite, diamond and graphene allotropes of carbon (iv) hydrogen-bonded, as in ice (v) metallic, as in copper